Behavioral And Social Learning Approaches Personality Assessment

Personality can be defined as a hypothetical concept that constitute those relatively stable and enduring aspects of an individual which distinguishes them from other people making them unique, but which at the same time permit a comparison between individual. There are various approaches that conceptualize personality. These are; the psychoanalytic perspective, the trait theory, behaviorist (learning) theory, humanistic theories cognitive and biological approaches. This paper however will explore the behavioral and social learning theory approaches to personality.The focus will be in comparing and contrasting them and relating them to a personal personality disorder. The social learning theory is an approach that argues that we learn through imitation, modeling, and observation of other people behavior. If we observe a good behavior from other people, we are likely to behave well but if we observe bad behavior from them we behave badly. Albert Bandura is considered a major proponent of this theory. This approach also considers the environmental factors claiming they reinforce modeling.An individual can be reinforced directly by a model for example; a student can dress like other to fit in their group. A third person can also reinforce modeling. for example; a teacher may praise a certain student making the others to model him. It is also possible to imitate the behavior itself. For example; a student may play football during his leisure time influencing another to model the behavior. Social learning theory argues that reinforcement and punishment are necessary in learning. They influence the level at which a person demonstrates a learnt behavior. They argue that moral judgment concerning the right or wrong is modeled.Bandura outlined from major condition for modeling to occur; paying attention, remembering, ability to replicate, and motivation. Modeling leads to acquisition of new behavior, affects the frequency of embarking a learner behavior, encourages a fo rbidden behavior and increases the frequency of a similar behavior. They emphasize of self regulation in personality development. For example; setting own goals, self observation, self judgment and self reaction (Ormrod, J. E1999) The behavioral approach in personality assessment argues that personality can be acquired through observation.It put the environment accountable to personality difference among people. It assumes that we can understand other people by observing how they behave. It also argues that a response to certain stimuli molds behavior. Learning can occur though conditioning in both human and non human animals. It also assumes that all human are equal at birth. We are born a tabula rasa – empty slit – as we grow, the environmental factors molds our personality. Proponents of this approach include Skinners’ (1957) operant condition theory, Pavlov (1936) conditioning theory and Watson (1958). (Axialis Team 2008)Both the social learning and behavior al theories emphasize on observation learning to personality acquisition. They consider environmental factors that influence our personality. They also consider reinforcement and punishment an important factor in learning. However, social learning theory argues that learning is possible without necessarily changing the behavior. This contrast the behavioral approach that argues that learning must be represented by a permanent change in behavior. Social learning assumes people can learn through observation alone and which might not affect their performance thus may not or may impact behavior change.This contrasts the behavioral approach which assumes learning must involve a permanent change in behavior as well conditioning necessity in learning. Modeling, imitation and observation cannot be assumed in behavioral acquisition. Environmental factors too are very important in personality assessment. These two approaches consider this. They both make a step to explain broader personality to include the animals. On the other hand, we cannot assume the thought processes, unobservable activities, biological and genetic factors in personality assessment and which they assume.Conditioning approach can be useful in explaining how we develop a habit how we model it, who influence us towards the habit and how we can stop the habit. In my early stages of life, I used to like toys very much. My parent would make sure that they bought me. Initially, my elder brother used to like them too. My parents would buy him every time he performed better in school. He would spend time with them on his free time. He motivated my love for toys. When I started going to school, my parents adopted a similar strategy in buying me toys.It was not after I destroyed one like before, but after I performed better in school. I remember I had a hard time to adapt to this. Previously I mishandled them; after all they would buy me if damaged. This time round, it was based on performance. I wasn’ t a good performer but I had to work hard to get some new toys. If I didn’t perform well, the punishment was ‘no toy’. As time went by, my performance deteriorated. My parents withdrew their reinforcement. At the long run, there were no more new toys. The old ones were not pleasant at all. I hated them. My performance currently is better but I hate toys.In the behavioral view, I observed the habit from my brother and learnt it, the environmental factors, my parent, influenced me to possess the habit of destroying them in order to be bought some new. I was reinforced to work harder to get new toys. The negative stimulus, the punishment, was not to be bought new toys. The aversive stimulus was my parent’s withdrawal of new toys when my performance decreased. I later stopped liking toys a result of the negative reinforcement. In the social learning view, I learnt the habit from observing my brother; he used his free time well. My brother was my role model.I p aid attention to his habit, I rehearsed and was able to replicate the way he handled and treated the toys. However, my parent motivated me by realizing my habit and therefore bought me some more toys. I did not permanently adapt the behavior implying that learning does not necessarily change behavior. Social learning approach best describes my personality I was able to observe, pay attention, rehearse and replicate my brother’s behavior thus influencing my personality. I was able to regulate myself in settling my goals, observe and make my own judgment and choose my reaction from my parent’s move towards my habit.These theories explore the complexity of human nature. Whichever dimension they take as long as it explain personality assessment, is worth credential. However, if these approaches are merged they would have a better explanation to personality assessment. References Ormrod, J. E. (1999). Human learning. Social learning theory: Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice- Hall. Retrieved on Friday, October 31, 2008 from http://teachnet. edb. utexas. edu/~lynda_abbott/Social. html Axialis team (2008) Psychologist World. Behavioral approach. Retrieved on Friday, October 31, 2008 from http://www. psychologistworld. com/issues/behavioralapproach. php

Health Belief Model Essay

Using the health belief model, how can the nurse encourage a patient, who is status post myocardial infarction, to make immediate and permanent behavior changes in his or her eating habits and activity levels especially when the patient views these changes to be insurmountable? Provide a nursing diagnosis with interventions and outcomes to assess the patient’s behavior changes. First the nurse would have to determine the patient’s understanding of what and how behavior changes can affect his recovery. The nurse could then develop a plan based on this information. Once a teaching plan is developed, the nurse could then divide the plan into small steps that the patient can take and build upon in time so that the task does not overwhelm the patient. For example, the nurse addresses the need for a low salt diet not by telling the patient he cannot enjoy any salty food but that he can modify his diet to gradually decrease his salt intake and by replacing salt with a salt substitute. The nurse will further need to explain the effect of salt on his damaged heart and what it could mean if action is not taken. This would use the health belief model in that it has explained to the patient what health related action needs to be taken in order to avoid a negative health condition (University, 2012). Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective coping related to inadequate levels of confidence in ability to cope as evidenced by patient’s statement â€Å"I just don’t know how I am going to do all of this†. Client Outcome/Goal: patient demonstrates and verbalizes the ability to cope, patient sets and achieves goal made, patient able to maintain goals regarding diet and exercise Nursing Interventions: Help patient set realistic goals, encourage patients to participate in goal setting, development, encourage family participation in patient education Ackley, MSN, EdS, RN, B. J., & Ladwig, MSN, RN CHTP, HNC, G. B. (2002). Nursing diagnosis handbook (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Health belief model. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenowerzicht/theoryclusters/healthcommunitcation/health_belief_model.doc

Career Assessments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Career Assessments - Essay Example The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Big Five Factor assessments are the most commonly used tools in career counseling nowadays. MBTI is a psychometric questionnaire which is formulated to measure psychological preferences of people about how they perceive the world and make decisions accordingly. On the other hand, The Big Five model or Five Factor Model (BFM) is the analysis of personality through five dimensions of personality traits, i.e., Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism and openness to experience. A Swiss psychiatrist Carl G Jung researched extensively in order to explore the psychological preferences of humans in making decisions and performing task which depicts their specific traits, for example; study habits and way of relaxation. Jung experiments influenced his students, Isabel Briggs and Katherine Briggs who took Myer’s theory into application which emerged into Type Indicator (MBTI[R]).It is more of a self report questionnaire which is devised to make Myer’s theory more understandable and adaptable in order to make clear psychological identification of normal people and guide them in making good decisions according to their strengths and potential. It is applied in the stress management, organizational development, learning and communication style and team building as well (Bryan & Ashley, 2004). Big Five is quite easy and short personality assessment; it is good for the assessment of non-managerial staff but not appropriate for managerial or executive level roles as they involve complex capabilities and working attitudes which are more than just personality. Dr. Robert Hogan (As cited in Matthias, 2009) narrates that the four MBTI scales are sorted in 16 Types which are attributed to preferences, values and cognitive styles Information about the specific Type is used for career guidance and organizational activities. Personality psychologists consider MBTI crucial and opt for

The impact og globalisation on communication and impediments towards Essay

The impact og globalisation on communication and impediments towards free growth - Essay Example The impact of the globalization in the previous 150 years has been such wide and massive that often it seems that the global politics and relations are all set bound by the chains of communication that not a single country can take any action without affecting the global communication mechanism. the rise of technology, interdependence of states on each other, growing cultural exchange, availability of information at a press of a button and growth of international and regional organization like UNO, OPEC, SEATO, NATO and EU have over the time changed the way communication has been taken in the long past. The communication and globalization go parallel as both have a directly proportional effect on each other (Ali Mohammadi, 1997). The growth of communication around the world has strengthened the globalization and ever-growing globalization is making communication an important element of the life of countries and societies. It is a undeniable fact of our existence at the moment but the growth of communication and globalization does not go with criticism. ... The world as we see it today is more interdependent and more progressive than before as it has been established that one simply can not reach the shores of success and prosperity without the ships of other nations sailing beside them. This has led the developing countries to make arrangements to take the developed countries along with them. The spread of communication has changed the face of information exchange which is more rapid and immediate than ever before and the world is moving even more social and cultural integration leading the whole state of affairs of the world to be imbued in a single fabric of a single globalized world. The growth of industries and merging markets around the globe has greatly facilitated the growth of international organizations and has put a great impact on globalized production methods. The abrupt change and development in the globalization that is there today is due to the development of communications methods and channels that have not evolved in t he recent years but have taken years to come and develop. The globalization and international communication development is not something that happened in a one or two decades, but the process started with the first man stepping foot ahead to find new lands and opportunities (Thomas L. McPhail, 2010). Globalization of international communication has effected the international laws that govern states and the mutual relations of the states on the global level and leads the nations to devise national policies accordingly to foster concrete communication linkages for mutual development. The development of international communication over time has taken politics and national policy formulation to the international stage. Countries assist and guide each other for responsible national policy

Applied Business Research and Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Applied Business Research and Statistics - Essay Example But he realized that managers can select their favorite subordinates which can make the sample biased. So he put the id and name of each employee in excel sheet and created one extra corresponding column for each employee id which is filled by executing the function of random number. Then, selecting the top ten results after sorting the random numbers gives him unbiased sample. In above example, population could have been taken participation from each employee i.e. data is collected from each member of population. But the sample has been chosen as representative of population to draw the conclusion. Hence, the difference between results of two scenarios is evaluated by sampling error. Sampling error can be zero in some of the cases. If we have to take the opinions of all the engineers in above case, and sample takes the true proportion of 100% engineer. It can be stated in other way as if the sampling error is zero then the population is uniform or perfect representative sample of population is taken for research purpose. Let us take an example of nation which is combined unit of states. We can choose the random samples of states which can be further divided into smaller units like city from selected states. These cities can be clustered into smaller areas for observation. Researchers can define his pattern of selecting the sample data until data condition of observation is fully satisfied. 3) It is not possible to study the entire population and accessibility of them is time consuming and difficult For Example, Let us consider the case of preparing a list of all the customers from a chain of hardware stores. It is tedious task. But it is convenient to choose a subset of stores in stage one of cluster sampling which can be used for interviewing the customers from those stores in the second stage of cluster sampling. 34. Information from the American Institute of Insurance indicates the mean amount of life insurance per household in the United States is $110,000. This distribution follows the normal distribution with a standard deviation of $40,000. a. If we select a random sample of 50 households, what is the standard error of the mean b. What is the expected shape of the distribution of the sample mean c. What is the likelihood of selecting a sample with a mean of at least $112,000 d. What is the like

Recyclene Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Recyclene - Assignment Example Another visible aspect that reflects the values of the company is the animation used and the nature of art involved in the website. The use of screw-like artwork has an impression that the company is involved in processing mission. Consequently, the nature of the artwork combined with the color expresses the fact that the company is involved in recycling process and more so the purpose of this process is to preserve and conserve the environment (Karamanos, 2001). The statement made by the leaders of the company signifies that they are environment oriented rather than profit oriented in their businesses. Consequently, they play a big role in shaping the organizational culture by being dedicated to the environment rather than the returns or profits associated to the recycling process. The underlying propeller behind the company is to do good by creating conducive environment (Karamanos, 2001). 3. Could Recycline easily change its organizational culture if the green products market encounters a backlash? Explain your answer. How would management know if a permanent change in culture has occurred? Based on the scenario presented in the video, it is undisputable that the company is wholly dedicated towards conserving the environment. The company’s culture is inclined towards green environment. This means that no matter what the market behavior would be, the company may not change its organizational culture easily. The possible way through which the management can know if a permanent change in culture has occurred is when the amount of products being recycled are too much to be accommodated by the company. Alternatively, it can determine the existence of permanent change by determining the use and utilization of its products by the consumers (Karamanos,

Qin Ling Mountains Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Qin Ling Mountains Management Plan - Essay Example Goals 1. To transform the Qin Ling Mountains into a reputable and world class tourism destination that attracts both local and international tourists. 2. To facilitate sustainable environmental conservation and enhancement of the mountainous ecosystem for posterity 3. To generate income for the country as well as changing the lives of the people who work in with us. 4. To impact the community through demonstrating social responsibility as well as providing opportunities for the community to take part in the development of the Qin Ling Mountains tourism destination. 5. To create awareness all around the world through advertising of the spectacular and distinct features of the Qin Ling Mountains 6. To convert the site into a heritage centre that is recognizable and upholds international standards. Outcomes The main objective of developing the goals is to produce results that can be used across the strata for the benefit of the environment, government, the community and the tourists. Fi rstly, it is expected that the site shall be a place that will contribute to environmental impact reduction through the adoption of strategies such as ecotourism and community development programs. Secondly, the site is meant to make sustainable and reliable profits that will facilitate its conservation. It is expected to boost tourism in the country with an ultimate goal of generating foreign exchange for the country. The profits will also increase the government income generation through taxes. Thirdly, the overall development shall be experienced in terms of infrastructure, and social amenities. Road and rail networks are to be developed to meet the available demand and provide standard services for the tourists, employees as well as the local communities. Fourthly, the site will open the region for foreign investments as well as encouraging local investors, an aspect that will promote regional growth as well as the entire country stands to benefit. Fourthly, the number of touris ts that visit the country is expected to increase tremendously as well as facilitating environmentalists in taking part in environmental projects. Finally, the community shall be empowered to take responsibility in matters relating to the conservation of the natural resources, the environment and taking advantage of the existing opportunities to empower themselves and their fellow citizens. Evaluation The progress in the implementation of the program shall be done in quarterly basis. After every three months, an evaluation team shall get into the ground and conduct a thorough analysis of the developments that have been made. The team shall report the findings and together we shall develop a way forward. The entire program implementation is expected to take a maximum of three years. This means that the plan will be divided into twelve phases, after every phase an evaluation will be done. Each year at least two goals shall have been fully accomplished, hence the evaluation process wil l have to look into that development. Visitor Management While the implementation of the plan is in the pipeline, management of the visitors shall be a key factor to sustaining the profitability of the tourist site. The site shall take advantage